Customary law of Central and Southeast Europe in medieval and early modern times. A comparative approach and a few South Slav, German, Transylvanian Saxon, Hungarian, Vlach and Romanian enactments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v8i2.27439Keywords:
customary law, enactments , comparative legal history , Central Europe , Southeast EuropeAbstract
The study presents a legal historical comparison of various ethnic marked consuetudinary laws from Southeastern and Central Europe during the Middle Ages and early modern history. Such customary laws were enacted in proper codifications specific to the ethnic communities of the South Slavs (Zakon sudnyi ljudem, Serbian and Croatian customary laws), Germans (Sachsenspiegel, Schwabenspiegel, Magdeburgisches Stadtrecht, Ofner Stadtrecht), Transylvanian Saxons (Codex Altemberger, Eigenlandrecht der Siebenbürger Sachsen), Hungarians (Werbőczy István’s Tripartitum), Vlachs (Jus Valachicum in Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Herzegovina) and Romanians (Jus Valachicum in South Transylvania). In each of the illustrated cases we specify the emergence and features of the customary laws specific to various Southeast and Central European ethnic communities, the manuscript editions, variants and copies of the original sources, the languages in which they were written, as well as their spread, importance and influence upon the neighbouring ethnic communities. We show that, in spite of the multiethnic cohabitation in Central Europe and the Balkans, the various ethnic consuetudinary laws had a parallel development, while each of the ethnies, social categories, medieval and modern nations involved kept their own ethno-juridical peculiarities.
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Appendix
Law codes of the South Slavs
- Zakón súdnyi liúdem: lost original (circa 850), Russian manuscript (1280), copies (1200-1400);
- Liber Sclavorum qui dicitur Methodius, in Ljetopis Popa Dukljanina (after 1150), translation as Hrvatska kronika (1350-1450).
Croatian and Dalmatian municipal statutes
- town statute of Korčula (1265);
- town statute of Ragusa (1272);
- Vinodolski zbornik (1288);
- town statutes of Zadar and Brač (1305);
- town statute of Lastovo (1310);
- town statute of Split (1312);
- town statute of Trogir (1322);
- town statutes of Šibenik, Skradin, Rab and Kotor (ante 1325);
- town statute of Hvar (1331);
- town statute of Mljet (1345);
- town statute of Poreč (1363);
- town statute of Pag (1372);
- statute of Krk or Vrbnik (1388);
- town statute of Senj (1388);
- town statute of Novi Vinodolski (1402);
- town statute of Pula (1431);
- Poljički novi statut (1440 or 1444);
- town statute of Budva (1442);
- Statutum Ligae Zadar (circa 1450);
- Vranski zbornik (1454);
- Statut lige kotara ninskog (circa 1460-1490)
- town statute of Umag (1528);
- town statute of Rijeka (1530).
German town laws
- Sachsenspiegel, compiled by Eike von Repgow (1220-1235), 500 copies (until 1900);
- Schwabenspiegel (1275);
- Magdeburgisches Stadrecht (1188-1294);
- Buda town law or Ofner Stadrecht (1300-1413 and 1421-1510), also in Košice (1347), Bardejov (1370), Eperies (1374); 3 extant manuscript copies from Bratislava (1430-1490, 1503), Budapest (circa 1560) and Baia Mare, now in Budapest (1488-1503).
Transylvanian Saxon municipal laws
- Codex Altemberger from Sibiu (1360-1481);
- Statuta jurium municipalium civitas Cibiniensis, reliquarumque Civitatum et universorum Saxonum Transilvanicorum of Thomas Bomel (1560); revised by Matthias Fronius in Statuta jurium municipalium Saxonum in Transilvania (1570); improved by Lukas Hirscher, Petrus Hirscher and Albert Huet (1570-1582); adopted as Statuta jurium municipalium Saxonum in Transilvania or, in German denomination, Eigenlandrecht der Siebenbürger Sachsen (1583).
Hungarian Tripartitum and code laws from Transylvania
- Tripartitum opus iuris consuetudinarii inclyti Regni Hungariae partiumque adnexarum by Werbőczy István (1514), published (1517);
- Approbatae constitutiones regni Transilvaniae et partium Hungariae eidem annexarum (1653);
- Compilatae Constitutiones (1695).
Jus Valachicum of the South Vlachs
- King Milutin’s charter for the Saint Stephen monastery in Banjska (1314-1316);
- King Dušan’s charter for the consecration of the Saint Nicholas church in Vranje to the Hilandar monastery on the Holy Athos Mountain (1343-1345);
- Emperor Dušan’s charter for the Saint Archangels Mihail and Gavril monastery near Prizren (1348-1354);
- Vlachs’ Law from Cetina in Croatia (1436);
- Ottoman kanuns which privileged the Vlachs from Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia (1500-1600);
- Statuta Valachorum from the Croatian Krajina (1630), reconfirmed (1642, 1659, 1667, 1717).
Jus Valachicum of the South Transylvanian Romanians
- extract of a deed of donation to the Saint Paraschiva church from Rășinari (1383);
- cartea ocolniță from Rășinari (1488);
- Statutes of Făgăraş for the Romanian Rustici and Boyarones (1508);
- Transmissionales in causa Possesionis Resinar contra Liberam Regiamque Civitatem Cibiniensem (1784), with document annexes (ante 1300 - post 1800).
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