Past-life Memories and Foreign Languages
An Exploration of Xenoglossy in Cases of the Reincarnation Type
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31156/jaex.27464Keywords:
reincarnation, past-life memory, children, xenoglossy, language, anomalous cognition, anomalous experience, CORTAbstract
Objective. Decades of research into children who appear to recall a past life have highlighted additional extraordinary features of this phenomenon. We explored a large past-life memory database to understand cases coded as exhibiting xenoglossy—the remarkable claim of individuals speaking a foreign language that they should not be able to speak naturally. Methods. We compared 40 cases that exhibited xenoglossy to 872 that did not, between 1959 and 2020. In a series of binary logistic regressions, we tested variables linked to a novel emotion-trauma hypothesis for the presence of xenoglossy, along with other variables that would suggest an ordinary explanation. Results. Xenoglossy was not associated with variables related to an ordinary explanation. The emotion-trauma hypothesis was supported, in that xenoglossy was associated with: (1) participants’ emotionality, (2) desires to return to their purported previous family, (3) claiming to have died as a result of intentional/violent means, and (4) having a stronger case, which is more suggestive of cases having an anomalous explanation. Conclusion. Akin to other remarkable features documented over the years of past-life memory research (i.e., birthmarks linked to a previous personality’s fatal wound, phobias, philias), xenoglossy is another core feature of a previous personality that seems capable of transferring to a new life. The evidence from the database suggests that the phenomenon of speaking, unnaturally, in a foreign tongue is linked to—and strengthened by—the presence of emotion, distress, and violence/trauma in the expression of children’s past-life memories.
References
Aubry, A., Gonthier, C., & Bourdin, B. (2021). Explaining the high working memory capacity of gifted children: Contributions of processing skills and executive control. Acta Psychologica, 218, 103358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103358
Bauer, P. J., & Larkina, M. (2019). Predictors of age-related and individual variability in autobiographical memory in childhood. Memory, 27(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1381267
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371–399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233
Davis-Kean, P. E., Tighe, L. A., & Waters, N. E. (2021). The role of parent educational attainment in parenting and children’s development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721421993116
Dewaele, J. M. (2010). Emotions in multiple languages. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289505
Draaisma, D. (2015). Forgetting: Myths, perils and compensations (translation edition). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300207286.001.0001
Dunlop, B., Gessner, S., Herbert, T., & Parker, A. (2018). Report on the status of B.C. first nations languages 2018. First Peoples’ Cultural Council. https://www.deslibris.ca/ID/10103011
Haraldsson, E. (1991). Children claiming past-life memories: Four cases in Sri Lanka. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 5(2), 233–262.
Haraldsson, E. (1997). A psychological comparison between ordinary children and those who claim previous-life memories. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 11(3), 323–335.
Haraldsson, E. (2003). Children who speak of past-life experiences: Is there a psychological explanation? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1348/14760830260569256
Haraldsson, E., & Matlock, J. G. (2017). I saw a light and came here: Children’s experiences of reincarnation. White Crow Books.
Javier, R. A. (1989). Linguistic considerations in the treatment of bilinguals. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 6(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.1.87
Johnson, D. R., & Creech, J. C. (1983). Ordinal measures in multiple indicator models: A simulation study of categorization error. American Sociological Review, 48(3), 398–407. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095231
Moraes, L. J., Barbosa, G. S., Castro, J. P. G. B., Tucker, J. B., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2022). Academic studies on claimed past-life memories: A scoping review. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 18(3), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2021.05.006
Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice, 15(5), 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y
Pasricha, S. K., Keil, J., Tucker, J., & Stevenson, I. (2005). Some bodily malformations attributed to previous lives. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 19, 359–383.
Pehlivanova, M., Janke, M., Lee, J., & Tucker, J. (2018). Childhood gender nonconformity and children’s past-life memories. International Journal of Sexual Health, 30(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2018.1523266
Pickford, R. W. (1943). An “hysterical” medium. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 19, 363–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1943.tb00330.x
Richet, C. (1906). Xénoglossie: L’éctriture automatique en langues étrangères [Xenoglossy: Automatic writing in foreign languages]. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 19, 162–194.
Schneider, W., & Niklas, F. (2017). Intelligence and verbal short-term memory/working memory: Their interrelationships from childhood to young adulthood and their impact on academic achievement. Journal of Intelligence, 5(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence5020026
Sharma, P., & Tucker, J. B. (2004). Cases of the reincarnation type with memories from the intermission between lives. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 23(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.17514/JNDS-2004-23-2-p101-118
Stevenson, I. (1960a). The evidence for survival from claimed memories of former incarnations. Part I. Review of the data. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 54, 51–71.
Stevenson, I. (1960b). The evidence for survival from claimed memories of former incarnations. Part II. Analysis of the data and suggestions for further investigations. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 54, 95–117.
Stevenson, I. (1974a). Twenty cases suggestive of reincarnation (2nd rev. ed.). University of Virginia Press.
Stevenson, I. (1974b). Xenoglossy: A review and report of a case. University of Virginia Press.
Stevenson, I. (1976). A preliminary report of a new case of responsive xenoglossy: The case of Gretchen. The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 70, 65–77.
Stevenson, I. (1977). Reincarnation: Field studies and theoretical issues. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of parapsychology (pp. 631–663). Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Stevenson, I. (1984). Unlearned language: New studies in xenoglossy. University of Virginia Press.
Stevenson, I. (1997). Reincarnation and biology: A contribution to the etiology of birthmarks and birth defects. Praeger.
Stevenson, I. (2001). Children who remember previous lives: A question of reincarnation (rev. ed.). McFarland.
Stevenson, I., & Haraldsson, E. (2003). The similarity of features of reincarnation type cases over many years: A third study. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 17(2), 283–289.
Stevenson, I., & Pasricha, S. (1979). A case of secondary personality with xenoglossy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(12), 1591–1592. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.136.12.1591
Stevenson, I., & Pasricha, S. (1980). A preliminary report on an unusual case of the reincarnation type with xenoglossy. The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 74, 331–348.
Sullivan, G. M., & Artino, A. R. (2013). Analyzing and interpreting data from Likert-type scales. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 5(4), 541–542. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-5-4-18
Thomason, S., & Poser, W. (2020). Fantastic linguistics. Annual Review of Linguistics, 6, 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030459
Tucker, J. B. (2000). A scale to measure the strength of children’s claims of previous lives: Methodology and initial findings. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 14(4), 571–581.
Tucker, J. B. (2008). Children’s reports of past-life memories: A review. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 4(4), 244–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2008.04.001
Tucker, J. B. (2021a). Before: Children’s memories of previous lives. St. Martin’s Essentials.
Tucker, J. B. (2021b). Cases of the reincarnation type. In E. F. Kelly & P. Marshall (Eds.), Consciousness unbound: Liberating the mind from the tyranny of materialism (pp. 57–87). Rowman & Littlefield. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881814885.ch2
Tucker, J. B., & Nidiffer, F. D. (2014). Psychological evaluation of American children who report memories of previous lives. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 28(4), 583–594.
Tucker, J. B., & Keil, H. (2013). Experimental birthmarks: New cases of an Asian practice. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 27(2), 269–282.
Williams, A., Srinivasan, M., Liu, C., Lee, P., & Zhou, Q. (2019). Why do bilingual code-switch when emotional? Insights from immigrant parent-child interactions. Emotion, 20(5), 830–841. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000568
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Philip Cozzolino, Marieta Pehlivanova, Jim B. Tucker

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JAEX are open access, freely and universally accessible online, and archived in the open journal’s Lund University website (https://journals.lub.lu.se). Articles in JAEX can be distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CCBY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, with appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the Creative Commons license, and an indication if changes were made.
