Poetic Confluence

The Social Organization of a Telepathic Experience

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31156/jaex.23818

Keywords:

Poetic confluence, Social interaction, Turn design, Face-work, spontaneous cases, psi, anomalous cognition

Abstract

This paper is an exploratory sociological analysis of poetic confluence, a spontaneous telepathic phenomenon that occurs in everyday social interaction. In poetic confluence, one person’s talk exhibits an enigmatic relationship to another’s unstated thoughts or imagery at that moment. The analyses draw from an empirical approach called Conversation Analysis, a formal qualitative method for the analysis of naturally occurring interaction in everyday life. In Conversation Analysis, talk-in-interaction is analyzed as coordinated and sequentially organized action. The focus on the action orientation of talk informs this analysis, treating poetic confluence as a form of social action. The data are (unavoidably) anecdotal accounts of experiences. Although the techniques of Conversation Analysis cannot be applied to anecdotal reports, its methodological principles and substantive focus can inform a systematic analysis of anecdotal data. A case is made for the robustness of poetic confluence via analysis of recurrent properties found in examples from three corpora of candidate cases. The analysis identifies three interpersonal functions of poetic confluence: its role in restoring mutual attention; its affiliative, affective function; and its role as a mechanism for managing threats to social propriety, or keeping “face.” In the discussion, alternative skeptical explanations are assessed; the empirical approach is framed in terms of Cardeña’s (2019) observations on the metaphoric quality of some psi phenomena and Carpenter’s (2012) first sight theory, and some suggestions are offered for further research on social interaction and psi phenomena.

 

References

Alvarado, C.S. (1984). Phenomenological aspects of out-of-body experiences: a report of three studies. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 78, 219-240.

Alvarado, C.S. (1996). Exploring the features of spontaneous psychic experiences. European Journal of Parapsychology, 12, 61-74.

Alvarado, C.S., & Zingrone, N.L. (2008). Ian Stevenson and the modern study of spontaneous ESP experiences. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 22(1), 44-53.

Antaki, C. (2008). Formulations in psychotherapy. In A Peräkylä, C. Antaki, C. Vehviläinen & I. Leudar (Eds.), Conversation analysis and psychotherapy (pp. 26-42). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490002.003

Atkinson, J.M., & Heritage, J. (Eds.) (1984). Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis. Cambridge University Press.

Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford University Press.

Balint, M. (1956). Notes on parapsychology and parapsychological healing. International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 36 (1), 31-35.

Besterman, T. (1932-33). Report of an inquiry into precognitive dreams. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 41, 186-204.

Castro, M., Burrows, R. & Wooffitt, R. (2014). The paranormal is (still) normal: The sociological implications of a survey of paranormal experiences in Great Britain. Sociological Research Online, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.3355

Clayman, S.E. (2013). Turn-constructional units and the transition-relevance place. In J. Sidnell, J. & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 150-166). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325001.ch8

Cardeña, E. (2019). Mind leaks: A commentary on Wooffitt’s poetic confluence: A sociological analysis of an enigmatic moment. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 29(3), 346-354. DOI: 10.1080/10481885.2019.1614829

Carpenter, J.C. (2012). First sight: ESP and parapsychology in everyday life. Rowman & Littlefield.

Drew, P. (1987). Po-faced receipts of teases. Linguistics, 25(1), 219-253. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1987.25.1.219

Drinkwater. K., Dagnall, N., & Bate, L. (2012). Into the unknown: Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore personal accounts of paranormal experiences. Journal of Parapsychology, 77(2), 281-294.

Edge, H.L., (1986). Sociocultural aspects of psi. In H.L. Edge, R.L. Morris, J. Palmer & J.R Rush (Eds.), Foundations of parapsychology: Exploring the boundaries of human capability (pp. 361-378). Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Freud, S. (1975). The psychopathology of everyday life. (Trans. Alan Tyson). Penguin (first published 1901).

Goffman, E. (1967). On face-work. In Interaction ritual: Essays in face-to-face behavior (pp. 5-45). Pantheon. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203788387-2

Goffman, E. (1983). The interaction order: American Sociological Association, 1982 Presidential Address. American Sociological Review, 48(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095141

Gurney, E., Myers, F.W.H. & Podmore, F. (1886). Phantasms of the living. Trubner (two volumes).

Haraldsson, E. (1985). Representative national surveys of psychic phenomena: Iceland, Great Britain, Sweden, the United States of America and Gallup's multinational survey. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 53, 145-158.

Hayashi, M. (2013). Turn allocation and turn sharing. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 167-190). Wiley, Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325001.ch9

Heritage, J., & Watson, R. (1979). Formulations as conversational objects. In G. Psathas (Ed.), Everyday language: Studies in ethnomethodology (pp. 123-162). Irvington.

Hitschmann, E. (1953). Telepathy during psychoanalysis. In G. Devereux (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and the occult (pp. 128-132). Souvenir Press.

Hollós, I. (1933). The psychopathology of everyday telepathic appearances. (Orig. Psychopathologie alltäglicher telepathischer Erscheinungen). Imago, 19, 539-546.

Hutchby, I. & Wooffitt, R. (1998). Conversation analysis: Principles, practices and applications. Polity.

Irwin, H.J., & Watt, C. (2007). An introduction to parapsychology, 5th edition. McFarland.

Jefferson, G. (1996). On the poetics of ordinary talk. Text and Performance Quarterly, 16, 1-61.

Jefferson, G. (2005). At first I thought. In G. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp.31-67). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1080/10462939609366132

Jenzen, O., & Munt, S.R. (Eds.), (2013). The Ashgate research companion to paranormal cultures. Ashgate.

Kelly, W.E. & Tucker, J. (2015). Research methods with spontaneous cases. In E. Cardeña, J. Palmer, & D. Marcusson-Clavertz (Eds.) Parapsychology: A handbook for the 21st century (pp.63-76). McFarland.

MacKay, D. G. (1980). Speech errors: Retrospect and prospect. in V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Errors in linguistic performance: Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand (pp. 319-332). Academic Press.

Neisser, U. (1982). Snapshots or benchmarks? In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts (pp. 43-48), Freeman.

Norman, D., A. (1981). Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review, 88(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.88.1.1

Palmer, J. (1979). A community mail survey of psychic experiences. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 73, 221-251.

Potter, J. (1996). Representing reality. Sage.

Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. Sage.

Radin, D. (1997). The conscious universe: The scientific truth of psychic phenomena. HarperEdge.

Reber, E. & and Gerhardt, C. (2019). Embodied activities in face-to face and mediated settings. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97325-8

Rhine, J.B. (1937). New frontiers of the mind. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.

Rhine, L.E. (1981). The invisible picture: A study of psychic experiences. McFarland.

Rhine, L. E. (2018). Subjective forms of spontaneous psi experiences. Journal of Parapsychology, 82, Suppl., 54-86. http://doi.org/10.30891/jopar.2018S.01.06

Sacks, H., Schegloff, E.A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696-735.

Saltmarsh, H.F. (1934). Report on cases of apparent precognition. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. 42, 49-103.

Schegloff, E. A. (1987). Some sources of misunderstanding in talk-in-interaction. Linguistics, 25, 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1987.25.1.201

Schegloff, E.A, (2003). On ESP puns. In P. Glenn, C.D. LeBaron, & J. Mandelbaum (Eds.), Studies in language and social interaction: In honor of Robert Hopper (pp. 452-460). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Schenkein, J. (1978). Sketch of the analytic mentality for the study of conversational interaction. In J. Schenkein (Ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational interaction (pp. 1-6). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-623550-0.50007-0

Schlitz, M. (1983). The phenomenology of replication. In Betty Shapin & Lisette Coly (Eds.),

Proceedings of an International Conference held in San Antonio, Texas, October 28-29. Parapsychology Foundation, pp. 45-62.

Schmeidler, G. R. (2018). Studying individual psi experiences. Journal of Parapsychology, 82, Suppl., 96-105. http://doi.org/10.30891/jopar.2018S.01.08

Simmonds-Moore, C.A. (2016) An interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring synesthesia as an exceptional experience: Insights for consciousness and cognition. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 13(4), 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2016.1205693

Sidnell, J., & Stivers, T. (Eds.), (2013). The handbook of conversation analysis. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325001

Stevenson, I. (1970). Telepathic impressions: A review and report of thirty-five new cases. University Press of Virginia.

Stivers, T., Mondada, L., & Streensig, J. (Eds.), (2011) The morality of knowledge in conversation. Cambridge University Press.

Stockbridge, G. M. (2017). Crafting coincidence: The rhetoric of improbable events. PhD thesis, University of York. Available at https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18847/

Stockbridge, G. & Wooffitt, R. (2019). Coincidence by design. Qualitative Research. 19(4), 437-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794118773238

White, R.A. (1992). Review of approaches to the study of spontaneous psi experiences. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 6(2), 93-126.

Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. Blackwell.

Wooffitt, R. (1991). “I was just doing X ... when Y”: some inferential properties of a device in accounts of paranormal experiences. Text, 11, 267-288. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1991.11.2.267

Wooffitt, R., Fuentes Calle, A., & Campbell R. (2021). Small stories with big implications. Identity, relationality and aesthetics in accounts of enigmatic communication. Narrative Inquiry, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.20013.woo

Wooffitt, R, Young, J., Reed. D. & Jackson, C. (2021). The poetics in Jefferson’s poetics lecture. In R. Person Jr., R. Wooffitt & J. Rae (Eds.) Bridging the gap between conversation analysis and poetics: Studies in talk-in-interaction and literature twenty-five years after Jefferson (pp.97-116). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429328930-6

Downloads

Published

2022-05-13 — Updated on 2022-07-26

Versions

How to Cite

Wooffitt, R. (2022). Poetic Confluence: The Social Organization of a Telepathic Experience. Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition, 2(1), 80–110. https://doi.org/10.31156/jaex.23818 (Original work published May 13, 2022)

Issue

Section

Research articles